Properly homotopic nontrivial planes are isotopic
Volume 146 / 1995
Fundamenta Mathematicae 146 (1995), 141-152
DOI: 10.4064/fm-146-2-141-152
Abstract
It is proved that two planes that are properly homotopic in a noncompact, orientable, irreducible 3-manifold that is not homeomorphic to $ℝ^3$ are isotopic. The end-reduction techniques of E. M. Brown and C. D. Feustal and M. G. Brin and T. L. Thickstun are used.
